ABSTRACT
Abstract We studied the germination of Eriotheca vargasii (Malvaceae), a poorly known endemic Peruvian Andean tree species characteristic of the dry forests of the Torobamba river valley, Peru. We determined seed characteristics, embryo morphology, viability, and assessed the influence of substrate (natural soil and commercially prepared media), temperature (controlled at 25 ºC and at ambient temperature between 18-22 ºC), and moisture (25 % and 50 % field capacity) on seed germination. Most seeds were ovoid in shape and although they contained well-developed embryos, only 46 % of them were viable. Substrate moisture levels had no influence on germination capacity or rate. In contrast, temperature and substrate type showed strong effects on germination. We observed the highest proportion of germinated seeds in prepared media at both temperatures tested (> 61 %). Furthermore, substrate types also influenced germination rates, with lower values in natural soil. The strongest effect on germination rates was by temperature, enhancing the difference in responses in substrate types (up to 90 % in commercially prepared media at 25 ºC). The low proportion of germinated seeds in soil (< 39 %), together with external local stress factors (e.g. grazing impact by herbivores), may be the critical factors contributing to the nearly total absence of seedlings and saplings of E. vargasiiin the study area despite abundant seed production. In order to ensure a supply of E. vargasii seedlings for reforestation efforts, we recommend producing E. vargasii plants in nurseries and conducting reforestation trials. We suggest that germination of seedlings is done following guidelines from this study. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(3): 1162-1170. Epub 2018 September 01.
Resumen Estudiamos la germinación de Eriotheca vargasii (Malvaceae), un árbol endémico poco conocido de los andes peruanos y carácterístico de los bosques secos del valle del río Torobamba. Determinamos las características de la semilla, la morfología del embrión y la viabilidad; además evaluamos la influencia del sustrato (suelo y sustrato preparado comercialmente), temperatura (controlada a 25 ºC y sin control entre 18-22 ºC) y humedad (25 % y 50 % de capacidad de campo) sobre la germinación de las semillas. La mayoría de las semillas tuvo forma ovoide y aunque la mayoría contenía embriones bien desarrollados, sólo el 46 % de estas fue viable. Los niveles de humedad del sustrato no tuvieron influencia sobre la capacidad o tasa de germinación, mientras que la temperatura y el tipo de sustrato si tuvieron efectos visibles. Observamos las proporciones más altas de semillas germinadas en los sustratos preparados y en ambas temperaturas (> 61 %). Adicionalmente, el tipo de sustrato también influenció las tasas de germinación, con valores más bajos en el suelo natural. El efecto más fuerte sobre las tasas de germinación se dió por la temperatura, aumentando las diferencias de las respuestas de acuerdo al tipo de sustrato (hasta un 90 % de germinación en sustratos preparados comercialmente y a 25 ºC). La baja proporción de semillas germinadas en el suelo (< 39 %), junto con factores locales de estrés externos (como por ejemplo el impacto por herbivoría), pueden ser elementos clave que están contribuyendo a la casi ausencia total de plántulas de E. vargasii en el área de estudio, a pesar de una producción de semilla abundante. Para asegurar proveer plantones de E. Vargasii para esfuerzos de reforestación, recomendamos producir plantas de esta especie en viveros y realizar experimentos de reforestación. Sugerimos que la germinación de las plántulas se haga siguiendo las recomendaciones de este estudio.
Subject(s)
Peru , Ecosystem , Malvaceae/physiology , Malva/anatomy & histology , Seeds , DroughtsABSTRACT
Malva sylvestris is generally confused with Pelargonium graveolens and Pelargonium odoratissimum due to similarities in their leaf morphology. The leaves of M. sylvestris have anthocyanins with scientifically proven cytotoxic, anti-inflammatory, antitumor and antioxidant properties. The leaves of P. odoratissimum have essential oil with antibacterial and spasmolytic properties, while the essential oil from P. graveolens has antimicrobial and antifungal activity. The aim of this study was to morpho-anatomically analyze the leaves of these species, indicating differences that can be used to clarify controversies about their use as medicinal plants. To anatomically compare the structure of each plant, samples were observed by Light Microscopy and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Leaf anatomy among species was quite different. Malva sylvestris showed capitate starry tector trichomes, as well as druses and mucilaginous cells. P. graveolens and P. odoratissimum differed as to trichomes. Both species had tector and glandular trichomes, and P. graveolens is distinguished for the greater height of tector trichomes and less quantity of the latter relative to P. odoratissimum. This study allowed the detection of anatomical differences, assisting in the taxonomy and classification of these species.
Malva sylvestris é comumente confundida com Pelargonium graveolens e Pelargonium odoratissimum devido às semelhanças na morfologia foliar. As folhas de M. sylvestris possuem antocianinas com propriedades citotóxicas, antiinflamatória, antitumoral e antioxidante já comprovadas cientificamente. As folhas de P. odoratissimum apresentam óleo essencial com propriedades antibacteriana e espasmolítica, e o óleo essencial da folha de P. graveolens possui atividade antimicrobiana e antifúngica. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar morfo-anatomicamente as folhas destas espécies, apontando diferenças que possam ser utilizadas para esclarecer controvérsias na sua utilização como planta medicinal. Com a finalidade de se comparar anatomicamente a estrutura de cada planta, as amostras foram observadas por Microscopia de Luz e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). A anatomia foliar entre as espécies foi bem distinta. Malva sylvestris apresentou tricomas do tipo capitado, estrelado e tector, além de drusas e células mucilaginosas. A distinção entre P. graveolens e P. odoratissimum foi observada em relação aos tricomas. Ambas as espécies apresentaram tricomas glandulares e tectores, sendo que P. graveolens se diferencia pela maior altura dos tricomas tectores e menor quantidade destes em relação ao P. odoratissimum. Este trabalho permitiu constatar diferenças anatômicas, auxiliando na taxonomia e classificação entre estas espécies.